Aristotle 4 causes: (Material, Efficient, Formal, Final) Formal and Final were cut by physics.
Rychlak's Logical Learning Theory - you can use empirical method to test formal and final. Opposed deterministic theory that humans are machine-like. He used data against the data gatherers. His problem was he was swimming up stream against tradition.
Measurement
What is it? Assigning values to properties or characteristics based on a set of rules.
Thorndike: If it exists, it can be measured. (Viewpoints tend to reveal and conceal things.)
Operationism: Through the use of operational definitions, anything can be measured including things like intelligence or competence. Operational definitions are precise procedures to create independent and dependent variables. Operationizing is finding a measurable variable that is related to the variables that can't be measured.
Textbook pg 63 "Odd twist of logic...": Meaning of a statement IS its observable or measurable qualities. Love is the number of hugs. Intelligence is the IQ test results.
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